What Is Ancient Philosophy?

Hadot's What is Ancient Philosophy is the summation of a lifetime of research and practice in philosophy.His thesis is fairly simple. Ancient philosophy begins in an existential choice. That choice is based on a vision of the world and a way of life based on that vision. It results in both a philosophical practice and a philosophical discourse. The practice has become largely ignored in favor of focusing on the discourse and this has resulted in a fairly complete misunderstanding of ancient philosophy.I am not claiming that Hadot's presentation of ancient philosophy is completely correct. I think there are some problems with his formulation but before I get into that, I want to broadly outline his thesis.First, when Hadot say ancient philosophy he means Greek and Roman philosophy- in spite of some other reviewers he is very cautious about comparisons to other traditions, such as Buddhism, Judaism or Taoism.He sees that tradition of philosophy as largely composed of the Platonic Academy, Aristotle's school, Epicureanism and Stoicism. He also talks about the Cynics and the Pythagoreans although not in as much detail.At the end of the book (p.278) he suggest that these schools represent fundamental alternatives toward human existence. All cultures can probably be shown to exhibit some variant of these alternatives.Each of these schools posits an ethics, a physics and a theology. These three components were mutually supportive and served to explain the role of humanity in the cosmos and the role of the individual in the city, with their family and in the development of their own soul. The expression of these three components made up the philosophers discourse.But that discourse was just empty words without the philosophers practice.This practice took many forms some of which were specific to one school but many of which were common to all the schools. There was frequently a social component which might be the dedication to philosophical dialogue (as exemplified in Plato and some of the writings of Cicero), or to living together as a group following rules and regulations (which likely heavily influenced the monastic orders that Christianity developed). There were spiritual exercises that served to distance the individual philosopher from her everyday point of view. For example, she might be encouraged to develope the "view from above" which tried to see all of her life as if from a great almost cosmic distance. From this perspective, all her hopes, disappointments, stivings as well of those of others seemed equally petty and small. All events and all things seemed of equal value. She became detached from her everyday human ties to these things.Or she might be encouraged to be mindful of the omnipresence of the possibility of her death. From this perspective, each moment became incredibly precious, an unfolding experience that she must give herself over to with all her being.I want to throw in a personal aside here. I studied philosophy at Sir George Williams University in Montreal, Quebec in the '70s. I do not want to diminish in any way what I learned there. I took a year long seminar in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason from Prof. Vladimir Zeman that changed my life and taught me what little I know about being a scholar.But the sort of exercises that Hadot describes as being the core of the daily life of the ancient philosopher were completely unheard of in what I was taught. Or, I suspect, in what most of our universities teach. Hadot dissects the meaning of the word philosophy as the lover of wisdom- not she who is wise but she who persues wisdom.As Hadot points out, that lack of focus on philosophical practice distorts that history. By focusing on theoretical discourse and its most coherent expression, we lose sight of the possibility that these things were not what was most valued in ancient philosophy. Ancient philosophers were trying to work with their friends, their associates, their families and their communities to effect changes in their souls. Their written material was teaching material designed to be used by different types of students. Consistancy is not to be expected (p. 274) Aporiai happen.So what are the flaws in this account? Let me suggest two. First, Hadot like many others, sees the ancients as too much of a piece for my taste.Read Part Two of his book carefully. He had wonderful sections devoted to each school- to their fundamental outlook, their ethics, physics, theology and their spiritual exercises. Read the section on Aristotle and his school. They were a little different. They come across in Hadot's narrative almost like a research program a là Lakatos (I am showing my philosophical age). In other words, they do not come across as particularly spiritual. They read more like a bunch of secular humanist scientists out to destroy Christmas. More seriously, they don't sound interested in spiritual practices. Their practice was to accumulate knowledge. I think Hadot tries a little too hard to force them into his framework.Which segues into my second issue with Hadot. He sees philosophy as necessarily a rational enterprise. It seems to me in my investigations into spiritual practice that at some point one is brought face to face with the ineffable. Not the irrational but the ineffable. One is brought into contact with that which cannot be spoken, let alone put into a propositional logic. To the extent that ancient philosophy is grounded in rationality is the extent to which it cannot deal with this.But I think that some of the spiritual exercises Hadot discusses are designed to bring our friend the philsopher face to face with just that. If I am reading Hadot correctly, I believe that he gets this aspect of the history wrong.These are minor complaints about what is a magnificent work. I have been strongly influenced by my readings in Strauss of late. There are many similarities (the insistence on philosophy as a way of life) and many differences to explore between these two. More universally, Hadot is a challenge to almost everyone's approach to ancient philosophy. His work simply has to be faced and learned from.Anyone who reads the Greek and Roman philosophers and who tries to learn from them has much to gain from this book. It is one thing to read Cicero or Seneca or Plato. It is another to try to live one's life based on such reading. Hadot just might inspire you to try.

Written with forthright honesty, wisdom, elegance, and vast learning. We see Plato and Aristotle in a context that will not slight Seneca, Epicurus, and many other Greek and Roman philosophers who sought to relate cosmic awareness to exploratory thought about what a fully human life can be.

Pierre Hadot’s What Is Ancient Philosophy? is a brilliant and thought-provoking exploration of philosophy as a way of life. Unlike modern academic philosophy, Hadot reveals how ancient philosophers—Socrates, Epicurus, the Stoics, and others—lived their teachings, using philosophy as a guide to self-improvement and wisdom. His writing is dense yet rewarding, offering fresh insights into the practical and spiritual dimensions of classical thought. If you’re interested in philosophy beyond theory—philosophy as a practice for living well—this book is an essential read. Highly recommended for scholars and seekers alike.

I liked the timely shipping and the nice condition of the book. Very satisfied.

I got this book for a philosophy class I am taking. It's not the most interesting required text I've read, but it certainly is informative.

This is one of the most important books I've read, I'm glad it was recommended to me. Coming from John Vervaeke's - Awakening from the Meaning Crisis , YT Series this was one of the original inspirations for understanding Philosophy not as some dry academic exercise but something that was in many ways more fundamental and LIVED than most people even practice religion today. Highly recommend this book. Buy it for yourself and several other copies to give out to others.

This book provides an excellent summary of the nature, purposes, and evolution of major Greek and Roman philosophical schools and their descendants through the medieval era. As such it is an excellent one-volume introduction to many of the traditions and personalities involved in those schools, and includes tidbits that you will not get from a typical university course. (Did you know that Plato's school included at least a couple of women, one of whom initially snuck in disguised as a man?) A major theme of the work is that the definition of philosophy has changed dramatically in recent centuries. Philosophy is usually now seen as an academic profession devoted to scholarly discussion of selected texts and concepts. In the classical and medieval eras, philosophy was primarily a way of life, which (at least for some schools) might be sought after by people in any walk of life. For those of us who still have an interest in the latter definition, this work is inspiring.

concise and brief without wasted content